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Mande languages
The Mande languages are spoken in several countries in West Africa by the Mandé people and include Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Dioula, Bozo, Mende, Susu, and Vai. There are millions of speakers, chiefly in Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ivory Coast. The Mande languages have traditionally been considered a divergent branch of the Niger–Congo family, though this classification has always been controversial.
The group was first recognized in 1854 by S. W. Koelle in his ''Polyglotta Africana''. He mentioned 13 languages under the heading ''North-Western High-Sudan Family, or Mandéga Family of Languages''. In 1901 Maurice Delafosse made a distinction of two groups in his ''Essai de manuel pratique de la langue mandé ou mandingue''. He speaks of a northern group ''mandé-tan'' and a southern group ''mandé-fu''. This distinction was basically done only because the languages in the north use the expression ''tan'' for ten whereas the southern group use ''fu''. In 1924 L. Tauxier noted that this distinction is not well founded and there is at least a third subgroup he called ''mandé-bu''. It is not until 1950 when A. Prost supports this view and gives further details. In 1958 Welmers published an article ''The Mande Languages'' where he divided the languages into three subgroups – North-West, South and East. His conclusion was based on lexicostatistic research. Greenberg followed this distinction in his ''The Languages of Africa'' (1963). Long (1971) and G. Galtier (1980) follow the distinction into three groups but with notable differences.
==History==
There is a diversity of opinion concerning the age of the Mande languages, but Greenberg has suggested that around 7000 years BP the Niger-Congo group, which includes the Mande languages, began to break up. They were practising a neolithic culture as indicated by the Proto Niger-Congo words for "cow", "goat" and "cultivate".〔D.F McCall, "The Cultural Map And Time Profile Of The Mande Speaking Peoples," in C.T. Hodge (ed) Papers on the Manding, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1971〕
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